Still Alive and Well in America

'Stealth racism' stalks deep South

By Tom Mangold of BBC World Jesse Rae Beard is one of the 'Jena Six' students on trial This World investigates the rise of discrimination in America's deep south as six black youths are charged with an alleged attack on a white student, which could see them jailed for up to 50 years. Editors note: We should not, and this article is not intended to purport, that stealth racism is only a product of the South. It has been a product of the North much longer. When the KKK was rallying to keep blacks out of schools and public facilities in the South during the Civil Rights movement, whites in the North lived in segregated neighborhoods, with overt or tacit understanding of covenants not to sell to blacks for decades. Some of the worst race riots in America occured in Northern cities between 1900-1920. And stealth racism still occurs today in the North, in places like Howard Beach in NYC, in some parts of suburban Philadelphia, and in many parts of the U.S. through economic practices which include job discrimination, housing/mortgage lending practices, access to credit, and many other methods. It should be no surprise to you that blacks remain among the poorest ethnic/racial group in America, in fact in much of the Americas (just as true in Brazil for example, who is now trying to enact Affirmative Action laws). Even Canada, which by all accounts is the most diverse and open society perhaps in the Western Hemisphere, has limits on this claim when it comes to the corporate boardrooms and offices of Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. So please don't stereotype the South - the problem persists throughout America. Three rope nooses hanging from a tree in the courtyard of a school in a small Southern town in Louisiana have sparked fears of a new kind of "stealth" racism spreading through America's deep south. Although this sinister episode happened last August, the repercussions have been extensive and today the town of Jena finds itself facing the unwelcome glare of national and international publicity. Jena has a mixed community, 85% white, 12% black. The bad old days of the "Mississippi Burning" 60s, civil liberties and race riots, lynchings, the KKK and police with billy clubs beating up blacks might have ended. But in the year that the first serious black candidate for the White House, Barak Obama, is helping unite the races in the north, the developments in the tiny town of Jena are disturbing. Nooses in the playground It all began at Jena High School last summer when a black student, Kenneth Purvis, asked the school's principal whether he was permitted to sit under the shade of the school courtyard tree, a place traditionally reserved for white students only. He was told he could sit where he liked. Tom Mangold interviewed primary witnesses in Jena The following morning, when the students arrived at school, they found three nooses dangling from the tree. Most whites in Jena dismissed it as a tasteless prank, but the minority black community identified the gesture as something far more vicious. "It meant the KKK, it meant 'niggers we're going to kill you, we're gonna hang you 'til you die'," said Caseptla Bailey, one of the black community leaders. Old racial fault lines in Jena began to fracture the town. It was made worse when - despite the school head recommending the noose-hangers be expelled - the board overruled him and the three white student perpetrators merely received a slap on the wrist. Troubled community Billy Doughty, the local barber, has never cut a black man's hair. But he does not think there is a racism problem in Jena. Caseptla Bailey with a picture of her son Robert, one of the 'Jena Six' Caseptla Bailey who is 56 and a former Air Force officer, has a degree in business management, but she cannot get a job as a bank teller. She lives in an area called Ward 10, which is where the majority of blacks live in trailers or wooden shacks. She says no whites live there at all. "We want to live better, we want better housing." she says. "The Church says we should all be brothers and sisters in Christ". Yet Sunday morning is perhaps one of the most segregated times in all of America. In the white neighbourhood, Pastor Dominick DiCarlo has only one black member of the Church, out of 450 resident members. Race-related fights As racial tension grew last autumn and winter, there were race-related fights between teenagers in town. On 4 December, racial tension boiled over once more at the school when a white student, Justin Barker, was attacked by a small group of black students. He fell to the ground and hit his head on the concrete, suffering bruising and concussion. He was treated at the local hospital and released, and that same evening felt able to put in an appearance at a school function. District Attorney Reed Walters, to the astonishment of the black community, has upgraded the charges of Mr Barker's alleged attackers to conspiracy to commit second degree murder and attempted second degree murder. If convicted they could be 50 before they leave prison. Mr Walters has refused to give an on-the-record interview to the BBC about his decision on the charges. Mr Barker has since been charged with possessing a firearm in an arms-free zone (the school grounds). The six black students will face a hearing next month. One of them is Caseptla Bailey's son Robert, who originally had his bail set at an unaffordable $138,000 (£69,495). She had to hire a private lawyer who managed to get Robert's bail reduced to $84,000 (£42,285) so that her family could meet it. Michelle Jones' brother Carwyn is one of the boys charged. She is adamant that he will not get a fair trial in Jena. "If he's tried here, the jury will pick who they want. I have no doubt that they will convict those boys of attempted second degree murder." When they do eventually file into court, many observers believe it is the town of Jena which will really be on trial. This World: "Race hate in Louisiana" was broadcast on Thursday 24 May 2007 at 1900 (7pm) BST on BBC Two.